The central question posed for this Breakout Sub-Session is “What role smallholder farmers now play and could play in meeting the future needs in food and nutrition security, poverty alleviation and sustainable management of natural resources?” Elaborating on this, more specific questions are raised about how to bring together the needed diversity; inform stakeholders of consequences, scenarios, winners and losers; complement qualitative with quantitative arguments; help decision-makers; orient R4D; and develop foresight actions focused on the needs of the poor.